Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry
Volume 85, Issue 4 , Pages 363-376 , April 2001

Tooth preparations for complete crowns: An art form based on scientific principles

Portions of this manuscript were presented before the annual meeting of the American Academy of Fixed Prosthodontics, Chicago, Ill., February 19, 1999, and the annual meeting of The American College of Prosthodontists, Orlando, Fla., November 6, 1997.

References 

  1. Fauchard P. 2nd ed. The surgeon dentist. Vol. II. Birmingham, AL: : Classics of Dentistry Library; 1980;
  2. Prothero JH. Prosthetic dentistry. In: Chicago, IL: : Medico-Dental Publishing Co; 1923;p. 742; 1099, 1101-6, 1128-38
  3. Richardson J. A practical treatise on mechanical dentistry. In: Philadelphia, PA: : Lindsay and Blakiston; 1880;p. 148–149 152-3
  4. Land CH. A new system of restoring badly decayed teeth by means of an enameled metallic coating. Independent Pract. 1886;7:407–409
  5. Land CH. Metallic enamel sections. A new system for filling teeth. Independent Pract. 1887;8:87–90
  6. Land CH. Clinic report. Dent Cosmos. 1889;31:190–192
  7. Land CH. Metallic enamel coatings and fillings. Independent Pract. 1886;7:413–414
  8. Land CH. Porcelain dental art. Part 1. Dent Cosmos. 1903;45:437–444
  9. Land CH. Porcelain dental art. Part 2. Dent Cosmos. 1903;45:615–620
  10. Spalding EB. Replacing the entire natural enamel with porcelain. Dent Items Int. 1904;26:401–410
  11. Avary H. Classification of teeth as a guiding factor in the correct preparation for porcelain jacket crowns. J Nat Dent Assoc. 1921;8:233–235
  12. Bastian CC. The porcelain jacket crown; its usefulness in removable bridgework. J Am Dent Assoc. 1926;13:226–240
  13. Vehe WD. Some basic principles underlying porcelain veneer crown technic. J Am Dent Assoc. 1930;17:2167–2176
  14. Slocum S. The technic of porcelain jacket crowns and the relationship to periodontia. Dent Digest. 1925;31:239–243
  15. Oppice HW. A resume of ideas on porcelain jacket crown preparations. J Am Dent Assoc. 1934;21:1030–1039
  16. Evans G. A practical treatise on artificial crown, bridge, and porcelain-work. In: 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: : P Blakiston's Son & Co; 1922;p. 527
  17. Clark EB. Requirements of the jacket crown. J Am Dent Assoc. 1939;26:355–363
  18. Argue JE. The preparation of teeth for porcelain jacket crowns. J Am Dent Assoc. 1930;17:1259–1270
  19. LeGro AL. Operative instrumentation for jacket crown preparations. Dent Items Int. 1929;51:245–255
  20. Brecker SC. The porcelain jacket crown. In: St. Louis, MO: : CV Mosby; 1951;p. 5; 15, 16, 129
  21. Nuttall EB. Factors influencing success of porcelain jacket restorations. J Prosthet Dent. 1961;11:743–748
  22. Jorgensen KD. The relationship between retention and convergence angle in cemented veneer crowns. Acta Odontol Scand. 1955;13:35–40
  23. Shillingburg HT, Hobo S, Whitsett LD. Fundamental of fixed prosthodontics. In: Chicago, IL: : Quintessence Publishing Co; 1981;p. 79
  24. Dykema RW, Goodacre CJ, Phillips RW. Johnston's modern practice in fixed prosthodontics. In: 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: : WB Saunders; 1986;p. 24; 36-9, 249-55, 277-84
  25. Malone WFP, Koth DL. Tylman's theory and practice of fixed prosthodontics. In: 8th ed. St. Louis, MO: : Ishiyaku EuroAmerica, Inc; 1989;p. 120
  26. Rosenstiel SF, Land MF, Fujimoto J. Contemporary fixed prosthodontics. In: 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: : Mosby-Year Book; 1995;p. 137–138 170-3, 184-5, 229
  27. Wilson AH, Chan DC. The relationship between preparation convergence and retention of extracoronal retainers. J Prosthodont. 1994;3:74–78
  28. Weed RM, Suddick RP, Kleffner JH. Taper of clinical and typodont crowns prepared by dental students. IADR Abstract No. 1036. J Dent Res. 1984;63:286
  29. Smith CT, Gary JJ, Conkin JE, Franks HL. Effective taper criterion for the full veneer crown preparation in preclinical prosthodontics. J Prosthodont. 1999;8:196–200
  30. Noonan JE, Goldfogel MH. Convergence of the axial walls of full veneer crown preparations in a dental school environment. J Prosthet Dent. 1991;66:706–708
  31. Ohm E, Silness J. The convergence angle in teeth prepared for artificial crowns. J Oral Rehabil. 1978;5:371–375
  32. Annerstedt AL, Engström U, Hansson A, Jansson T, Karlsson S, Liljihagen H, et al.  Axial wall convergence of full veneer crown preparations. Documented for dental students and general practitioners. Acta Odontol Scand. 1996;54:109–112
  33. Nordlander J, Weir D, Stoffer W, Ochi S. The taper of clinical preparations for fixed prosthodontics. J Prosthet Dent. 1988;60:148–151
  34. Leempoel PJB, Lemmens PL, Snoek PA, van't Hof MA. The convergence angle of tooth preparations for complete crowns. J Prosthet Dent. 1987;58:414–416
  35. Mack PJ. A theoretical and clinical investigation into the taper achieved on crown and inlay preparations. J Oral Rehabil. 1980;7:255–265
  36. Eames WB, O'Neal SJ, Monteiro J, Miller C, Roan JD, Cohen KS. Techniques to improve the seating of castings. J Am Dent Assoc. 1978;96:432–437
  37. Kent WA, Shillingburg HT, Duncanson MG. Taper of clinical preparations for cast restorations. Quintessence Int. 1988;19:339–345
  38. Wiskott HWA, Nicholls JI, Belser UC. The relationship between abutment taper and resistance of cemented crowns to dynamic loading. Int J Prosthodont. 1996;9:117–139
  39. Dodge WW, Weed RM, Baez RJ, Buchanan RN. The effect of convergence angle on retention and resistance form. Quintessence Int. 1985;16:191–194
  40. Wiskott HW, Nicholls JI, Belser UC. The effect of tooth preparation height and diameter on the resistance of complete crowns to fatigue loading. Int J Prosthodont. 1997;10:207–215
  41. Shillingburg HT, Hobo S, Whitsett LD, Jacobi R, Brackett SE. Fundamentals of fixed prosthodontics. In: 3rd ed. Chicago, IL: : Quintessence Publishing Co; 1997;p. 120; 139-42, 151-52
  42. Parker MH, Gunderson RB, Gardner FM, Calverley MJ. Quantitative determination of taper adequate to provide resistance form: concept of limiting taper. J Prosthet Dent. 1988;59:281–288
  43. Parker MH, Calverley MJ, Gardner FM, Gunderson RB. New guidelines for preparation taper. J Prosthodont. 1993;2:61–66
  44. Trier AC, Parker MH, Cameron SM, Brousseau JS. Evaluation of resistance form of dislodged crowns and retainers. J Prosthet Dent. 1998;80:405–409
  45. Maxwell AW, Blank LW, Pelleu GB. Effect of crown preparation height on the retention and resistance of gold castings. Gen Dent. 1990;38:200–202
  46. Woolsey GD, Matich JA. The effect of axial grooves on the resistance form of cast restorations. J Am Dent Assoc. 1978;97:978–980
  47. Parker MH, Malone KH, Trier AC, Striano TS. Evaluation of resistance form for prepared teeth. J Prosthet Dent. 1991;66:730–733
  48. Weed RM, Baez RJ. A method for determining adequate resistance form of complete cast crown preparations. J Prosthet Dent. 1984;52:330–334
  49. Hegdahl T, Silness J. Preparation areas resisting displacement of artificial crowns. J Oral Rehabil. 1977;4:201–207
  50. Waerhaug J. Histologic considerations which govern where the margins of restorations should be located in relation to the gingiva. Dent Clin North Am. 1960;4:161–176
  51. Karlsen K. Gingival reactions to dental restorations. Acta Odontol Scand. 1970;28:895–904
  52. Marcum JS. The effect of crown marginal depth upon gingival tissue. J Prosthet Dent. 1967;17:479–487
  53. Larato DC. The effect of crown margin extension on gingival inflammation. J South Calif Dent Assoc. 1969;37:476–478
  54. Bergman B, Hugoson A, Olsson CO. Periodontal and prosthetic conditions in patients treated with removable partial dentures and artificial crowns. A longitudinal two-year study. Acta Odontol Scand. 1971;29:621–638
  55. Renggli HH, Regolati B. Gingival inflammation and plaque accumulation by well-adapted supragingival and subgingival proximal restorations. Helv Odontol Acta. 1962;16:99–101
  56. Valderhaug J, Birkeland JM. Periondontal conditions in patients 5 years following insertion of fixed prostheses. Pocket depth and loss of attachment. J Oral Rehabil. 1976;3:237–243
  57. Newcomb GM. The relationship between the location of subgingival crown margins and gingival inflammation. J Periodontol. 1974;45:151–154
  58. Jameson LM. Comparison of the volume of crevicular fluid from restored and nonrestored teeth. J Prosthet Dent. 1979;41:209–214
  59. Richter WA, Ueno H. Relationship of crown margin placement to gingival inflammation. J Prosthet Dent. 1973;30:156–161
  60. Brandau HE, Yaman P, Molvar M. Effect of restorative procedures for a porcelain jacket crown on gingival health and height. Am J Dent. 1988;1:119–122
  61. Koth DL. Full crown restorations and gingival inflammation in a controlled population. J Prosthet Dent. 1982;48:681–685
  62. Waerhaug J. Tissue reactions around artificial crowns. J Periodontol. 1953;24:172–185
  63. Garguilo AW, Wentz FM, Orban BJ. Dimensions and relations of the dentogingival junction in humans. J Periodontol. 1961;32:261–267
  64. Cohen DW, Ross SE. The double papillae repositioned flap in periodontal therapy. J Periodontol. 1968;39:65–70
  65. Nevins M. Attached gingival—mucogingival therapy and restorative dentistry. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 1986;6:9–27
  66. Carnevale G, Sterrantino SF, Di Febo G. Soft and hard tissue wound healing following tooth preparation to the alveolar crest. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 1983;3:36–53
  67. Tarnow D, Stahl SS, Magner A, Zamzok J. Human gingival attachment responses to subgingival crown placement. Marginal remodelling. J Clin Periodontol. 1986;13:563–569
  68. Kois J. Altering gingival levels: the restorative connection part I: biologic variables. J Esthet Dent. 1994;6:3–9
  69. Doyle MG, Goodacre CJ, Munoz CA, Andres CJ. The effect of tooth preparation design on the breaking strength of Dicor crowns: 3. Int J Prosthodont. 1990;3:327–340
  70. Walton CB, Leven MM. A preliminary report of photoelastic tests of strain within jacket crowns. J Am Dent Assoc. 1955;50:44–48
  71. Shillingburg HT, Hobo S, Fisher DW. Preparation design and margin distortion in porcelain-fused-to-metal restorations. J Prosthet Dent. 1973;29:276–284
  72. Faucher RR, Nicholls JI. Distortion related to margin design in porcelain-fused-to-metal restorations. J Prosthet Dent. 1980;43:149–155
  73. Hamaguchi H, Cacciatore A, Tueller VM. Marginal distortion of the porcelain-bonded-to-metal complete crown: an SEM study. J Prosthet Dent. 1982;47:146–153
  74. Richter-Snapp K, Aquilino SA, Svare CW, Turner KA. Change in marginal fit as related to margin design, alloy type, and porcelain proximity in porcelain-fused-to-metal restorations. J Prosthet Dent. 1988;60:435–439
  75. Syu JZ, Byrne G, Laub LW, Land MF. Influence of finish-line geometry on the fit of crowns. Int J Prosthodont. 1993;6:25–30
  76. Belser UC, MacEntee MI, Richter WA. Fit of three porcelain fused-to-metal designs in vivo: a scanning electron microscope study. J Prosthet Dent. 1985;53:24–29
  77. Byrne G. Influence of finish-line form on crown cementation. Int J Prosthodont. 1992;5:137–144
  78. Chiche GJ, Pinault A. Esthetics of anterior fixed prosthodontics. In: Chicago, IL: : Quintessence Publishing Co; 1994;p. 86; 91, 102-3
  79. Seghi RR, Johnston WM, O'Brien WJ. Spectrophotometric analysis of color differences between porcelain systems. J Prosthet Dent. 1986;56:35–40
  80. Jacobs SH, Goodacre CJ, Moore BK, Dykema RW. Effect of porcelain thickness and type of metal-ceramic alloy on color. J Prosthet Dent. 1987;57:138–145
  81. Douglas RD, Przybylska M. Predicting porcelain thickness required for dental shade matches. J Prosthet Dent. 1999;82:143–149
  82. Seymour K, Zou L, Samarawickrama DY, Lynch E. Assessment of shoulder dimensions and angles of porcelain bonded to metal crown preparations. J Prosthet Dent. 1996;75:406–411
  83. Friedlander LD, Munoz CA, Goodacre CJ, Doyle MG, Moore BK. The effect of tooth preparation design on the breaking strength of Dicor crowns: part 1. Int J Prosthodont. 1990;3:159–168
  84. Doyle MG, Munoz CA, Goodacre CJ, Friedlander LD, Moore BK. The effect of tooth preparation design on the breaking strength of Dicor crowns: 2. Int J Prosthodont. 1990;3:241–248
  85. Sjogren G, Bergman M. Relationship between compressive strength and cervical shaping of the all-ceramic Cerestore crown. Swed Dent J. 1987;11:147–152
  86. Bernal G, Jones RM, Brown DT, Munoz CA, Goodacre CJ. The effect of finish line form and luting agent on the breaking strength of Dicor crowns. Int J Prosthodont. 1993;6:286–290
  87. Malament KA, Socransky SS. Survival of Dicor glass-ceramic dental restorations over 14 years. Part I. Survival of Dicor complete coverage restorations and effect of internal surface acid etching, tooth position, gender, and age. J Prosthet Dent. 1999;81:23–32
  88. Shillingburg HT, Grace CS. Thickness of enamel and dentine. J South Calif Dent Assoc. 1973;41:33–36
  89. el-Hadary M, el-Massry N, Shehata FI, el-Sharkawy M. Thickness of enamel and dentin in different locations of the crown portion in premolars and their relation to conservative treatment. Egypt Dent J. 1975;21:29–36
  90. Stambaugh RV, Wittrock JW. The relationship of the pulp chamber to the external surface of the tooth. J Prosthet Dent. 1977;37:537–546
  91. Malament KA, Socransky SS. Survival of Dicor glass-ceramic dental restorations over 14 years. Part II: effect of thickness of Dicor material and design of tooth preparation. J Prosthet Dent. 1999;81:662–667
  92. Craig RG, el-Ebrashi MK, Peyton FA. Experimental stress analysis of dental restorations. Part II. Two-dimensional photoelastic stress analysis of crowns. J Prosthet Dent. 1967;17:292–302
  93. Nicholls JI. Crown retention. I. Stress analysis of symmetric restorations. J Prosthet Dent. 1974;31:179–184
  94. Charbeneau GT, Peyton FA. Some effects of cavity instrumentation on the adaptation of gold castings and amalgam. J Prosthet Dent. 1958;8:514–525
  95. Tjan AHL, Sarkissian R. Effect of preparation finish on retention and fit of complete crowns. J Prosthet Dent. 1986;56:283–288
  96. Tuntiprawon M. Effect of surface roughness on marginal seating and retention of complete metal crowns. J Prosthet Dent. 1999;81:142–147
  97. Smith BG. The effect of surface roughness of prepared dentin on the retention of castings. J Prosthet Dent. 1970;23:187–198
  98. Gundler A, Lockowandt P, Erhardson S. Crown retention and cyclic loading (in vitro). Scand J Dent Res. 1993;101:252–256
  99. Felton DA, Kanoy BE, White JT. The effect of surface roughness of crown preparations on retention of cemented castings. J Prosthet Dent. 1987;58:292–296
  100. Oilo G, Jorgensen KD. The influence of surface roughness on the retentive ability of two dental luting cements. J Oral Rehabil. 1978;5:377–389
  101. Juntavee N, Millstein PL. Effect of surface roughness and cement space on crown retention. J Prosthet Dent. 1992;68:482–486
  102. Witwer DJ, Storey RJ, von Fraunhofer JA. The effects of surface texture and grooving on the retention of cast crowns. J Prosthet Dent. 1986;56:421–424
  103. Ayad MF, Rosenstiel SF, Salama M. Influence of tooth surface roughness and type of cement on retention of complete cast crowns. J Prosthet Dent. 1997;77:116–121

 aDean and Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Loma Linda University.

☆☆ bDirector of Graduate Prosthodontics and Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Loma Linda University.

 cProfessor, Head and Graduate Director, Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa.

★★ Reprint requests to: Dr Charles J. Goodacre, Dean, School of Dentistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, Fax: (909)558-0483, E-mail: cgoodacre@sd.llu.edu

 J Prosthet Dent 2001;85:363-76

PII: S0022-3913(01)57751-3

doi: 10.1067/mpr.2001.114685

Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry
Volume 85, Issue 4 , Pages 363-376 , April 2001